List of Different Tribunals and Authorities in India (LITIGATION BASICS 19)

Tribunals are specialised adjudicatory bodies established under specific statutes to decide disputes arising under those enactments. The jurisdiction, powers, and procedure of each tribunal are defined by the statute under which it is constituted. For example, the Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) adjudicates disputes under the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, while Consumer Commissions deal with matters arising under the Consumer Protection Act. Tribunals function as specialised forums with focused expertise in particular areas of law, enabling efficient and informed adjudication of technical and subject-specific disputes.

List of Major Tribunals and Statutory Authorities in India

Tribunal and statutory authority practice in India spans multiple areas of law. The following is an indicative and non-exhaustive list of major tribunals, appellate bodies, and statutory authorities before which litigation is commonly conducted. The jurisdiction, powers, and procedure of each forum are governed by the respective parent statutes and rules.

A. SERVICE LAW TRIBUNALS

·         Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT)

·         Maharashtra Administrative Tribunal (MAT)

B. CONSUMER FORUMS

·         District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (DCDRC)

·         State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (SCDRC)

·         National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC)

C. COMPANY LAW TRIBUNALS

·         National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)

·         National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)

D. INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY AUTHORITIES

·         Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)

·         National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)

·         National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)

E. DEBT RECOVERY FORUMS

·         Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT)

·         Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal (DRAT)

F. SECURITIES AND CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITIES

·         Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

·         Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT)

G. TAXATION AUTHORITIES AND TRIBUNALS

Income Tax

·         Income Tax Authorities

·         Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT)

Goods and Services Tax (GST)

·         GST Authorities

·         Adjudicating Authorities

·         GST Appellate Tribunal

H. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AUTHORITIES

·         Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (CGPDTM)

·         Copyright Office

I. MOTOR VEHICLE CLAIMS

·         Motor Accident Claims Tribunal (MACT)

J. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW TRIBUNALS

·         National Green Tribunal (NGT)

K. RIGHT TO INFORMATION AUTHORITIES

·         Public Information Officer (PIO)

·         First Appellate Authority

·         State Information Commission

·         Central Information Commission

L. RAILWAY LAW TRIBUNALS

·         Railway Claims Tribunal

M. ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY LAW AUTHORITIES

·         Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL)

·         Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC)

N. EDUCATION LAW TRIBUNALS

·         Education Tribunal

·         University Tribunal

O. LABOUR AND INDUSTRIAL LAW FORUMS

·         Labour Courts

·         Industrial Tribunals

 

P. ARMED FORCES TRIBUNAL

·         Armed Forces Tribunal

Q. STATE-SPECIFIC TRIBUNALS – MAHARASHTRA

Land and Revenue Matters

·    Revenue Authorities - Eg. Tahsildar, Sub-Divisional Officer, Deputy Collector, District Collector, etc.

·         Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal (MRT)

Real Estate Laws

·         Maharashtra Real Estate Regulatory Authority (MahaRERA)

·         Maharashtra Real Estate Appellate Tribunal (MahaREAT)

Rent Control Laws

·         Competent Authority under Rent Laws

Co-operative Laws

·         Co-operative Courts

·         Maharashtra State Co-operative Appellate Court

·         Registrar of Co-operative Societies

Public Trust Laws

·         Charity Commissioner

R. NATIONAL AND STATE COMMISSIONS

·         Lokayukta

·         National Human Rights Commission

·         State Human Rights Commissions

·         National Commission for Women

·         State Commission for Women

·         National Commission for Backward Classes

·         National Commission for Protection of Child Rights

·         National Commission for Minorities

·         National Commission for Scheduled Castes

·         National Commission for Scheduled Tribes

 

Note - Several tribunals and authorities are governed by State-specific laws and rules. Law students and junior advocates are advised to verify the applicable statutes, rules, and jurisdiction relevant to their State and area of practice.